If Youre Out There Sit Tight Ill See You Again
Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.
Vocabulary: Ecology and environs. Problems of big cities.
Grammar: Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.
Содержание темы
- Types of Conditionals.
- Mixed Conditionals.
- Other tenses in conditional sentences.
- The Subjunctive.
- Nowadays and past reference with 'I wish', 'if but' and 'it'southward (high) time'.
- Expressing wishes and regrets with 'I wish' and 'if just.
- 'Would' and 'could' after 'I wish' and 'if merely'.
- 'It's (loftier) time' and 'It's (about) fourth dimension'.
- Expressing personal preference with 'I'd rather/ I'd sooner'.
- Expressing preferences about other people's actions.
- 'I'd rather.
Grammer
Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.
| Type I Настоящее время | If-придаточое прдложение (hypothesis) + Presen Tenses | Future/Imperatie/can/may/might/must/should + Инфинитив без to |
| if + любая форма настоящего времени (Present Southward., Present Cont. or Present Pert.) | ||
| If you end work early, nosotros'll go for a walk. | ||
| If the conditions is nice, we'll get swimming. | ||
| Действия, которые совершаться в настоящем или будущем времени | ||
| If you have finished your coffee, nosotros can pay the bill. | ||
| If y'all're ill, see a doctor! If y'all burn down yourself, it hurts. | ||
| Type II Не реальные действия для настоящего или будущего | If + Past Unproblematic or Past Continuous | would/could/might + blank infinitive |
| If I had coin, I would travel round the globe. (just I don't have money - untrue in the present) | ||
| If I were a bird, I could fly. | ||
| Нереальные, которые не совершатся. Для настоящего или будущего времени. | ||
| If I were yous, I would take an umbrella, (communication) | ||
| Blazon 3 Не реальные действия для прошедшего времени | If + Past Perfect or By Perfect Continuous | would/could/might + take + past participle |
| If we hadn't left so early on, we would have missed the airplane. | ||
| If I had been invited, I would have gone to the party. | ||
| If you had told me before well-nigh your bug, I would accept helped you , simply now it's too late. | Нереальные, которые не совершились. Для прошедшего времени. | |
| If the conditions hadn't been then nasty yesterday, we would not have stayed at home all day long. | ||
Expressions
Conditionals are usually introduced by IF; the following expressions can be uses in stead of IF: providing, provided (that), as long equally, in example, on condition (that), just for (=without), otherwise, or else, what if, supposing, even if, just if, unless.
2.i If only : This adds accent to hypothetical situations. With by events information technology adds a sense of regret. The 2nd part of the sentence is often left out.
If only I had plenty time!
If only I hadn 't drunk too much, this wouldn 't accept happened!
two.two Unless and other alternatives
Unless simply if not. Not all negative IF-sentences can be transformed into unless sentences.
If he wasn 't told by Jane, he couldn 't accept known .
Unless he was told by Jane, he couldn 't accept known , (can exist changed)
If Mr Smith doesn 't come back , he '2 telephone you. (cannot exist changed)
If one state of affairs depends on another, it tin can be replaced by as/and so long every bit, provided or only if .
two.3 Just if combines with other time expressions and is used with past simple
Merely afterwards posting the alphabetic character did I think that I had forgotten to put on a postage. (inversion)
I'll do what you say provided the constabulary are not informed.
2.four Even if describes how something volition happen whatever the condition.
Even if it rains , we'll all the same go for a picnic.
2.5 But for him , I wouldn't have been able to survive. (If he hadn't helped me…)
2.6 Supposing it rains, will you nonetheless go for a picnic?
two.vii What if it rains, will you get for a walk?
2.viii We can omit "if", when should, were and had come up earlier the subject.
Should, come , tell him to await for me.
Were you, I would speak to her. known , he would accept told u.s..
iv. Other tenses in provisional sentences
four.1 Going to Going to can replace will.
If you fall, you lot 're going to hurt yourself.
If you 're going to make trouble, nosotros 'Ii call the police.
4.2 Present perfect This tin can be used to emphasis completion after if.
If you' ve finished , then we'll go. It is besides possible in both parts of the sentence.
If I've told you one time, I've told you a hundred times!
4.three Dubiousness and dubiousness
An additional not tin can be added in formal expressions involving uncertainty. This emphasizes the dubiety and does non add a negative meaning.
I wouldn 't be surprised if information technology didn 't rain. (I think it will rain.)
4.iv Should
if, this makes the possibility of an event seem unlikely.
If you should see Ann, could y'all inquire her to call me?
This implies that I practice not expect you to run into Ann.
4.5 Were to This likewise makes an effect seem more than hypothetical.
If I were to ask you to ally me, what would you lot say?
4.six Happen to
This emphasizes chance possibilities. It is frequently used with should.
If you happen to see Helen, could yous ask her to call me?
If you should happen to exist passing, drib in for a cup of tea.
4.7 If it were not for/If it hadn 't been for
This describes how one event depends on some other.
If it weren 't for Jim, this company would be in a mess.
If information technology hadn 't been for their goalkeeper, United would have lost.
four.8 Will and would : politeness and emphasis These tin be used as polite forms.
If you will/would wait here, I'll run into if Mrs Green is free.
Volition tin can as well be used for emphasis, meaning 'insist on doing'.
If yous will stay out late, no wonder you are tired! (insist on staying)
four.9 If and adjectives
In expressions such as if information technology is necessary/possible it is possible to omit the verb be. If interested, apply within. If necessary, take a taxi.
4.ten Formally if can mean although , usually equally if + adjective.
The room was well-furnished, if a petty desperately decorated.
five.i Subjunctive sentences: Subject area + VERB + THAT + SUBJECT + INF. without to
John's mother insisted that he render dwelling house early.
5.2. Subjunctive обозначает особую группу глагольных временных форм (типа pres . — exist ; past — were for all persons — для глагола to exist или infinitive without to — для других глаголов), используемых для описания событий, которые вряд ли когда-либо будут иметь место, но которые являются предметом наших надежд, мечта ний, желаний.
5.three The Present Subjunctive
The Present Subjunctive is used subsequently | |
| Verbs | Impersonal expressions |
| Indicating that one person wants another one to do something | |
| Advise, social club, demand, ask, crave, recommend, control, propose, insist, suggest | It is necessary, important, proposed, recommended, suggested |
| He suggested that she go in that location. He suggested that they should go there. | Information technology is suggested that she go at that place |
5.4 Note the divergence:
British variant: I insist that you should get out without her.
It is recommended that you lot should publish your volume.
American variant: I insist that yous leave without her.
It is recommended that you lot publish your book
5.five The Past Subjunctive prefers to employ were instead of was.
She behaves as if she were / was a queen.
I wish it were true
vi. Present and past reference with 'I wish', 'if simply' and 'it'southward (high) time'
(I) wish, if just. it'due south (high) time and it'southward (about) time, we 'get one tense dorsum':
1 The by tense refers to the present: I wish I had a better watch! (Now)
2 The past perfect tense refers to the past: If but you had asked me first! (THEN)
vii. Expressing wishes and regrets with 'I wish' and 'if only
7.1 Nosotros oftentimes use I wish for things that might (still) happen:
I wish I knew the respond! (= it's possible I might detect out the reply)
If only is stronger. We use it to limited regret for things that tin (at present) never happen:
If only your mother were alive now! (Of grade, / wish is likewise possible.)
7.ii We may apply the simple past of be afterwards wish and if only
I wish I was on holiday at present. If only Tessa was here now!
If nosotros want to be more formal, we employ were in all persons
I wish I were on holiday at present. If but Tessa were here!
7.3 We may use the by perfect of be for things that can never happen:
I wish I had been on holiday terminal week. If only Tessa had been hither yesterday!
7.4 We use the past or past perfect forms of other verbs:
I wish I knew the answer to your question.
I wish I had known then what I know at present!
8. 'Would' and 'could' after 'I wish' and 'if only'
We must use could, not would, after /and nosotros. Compare:
I can't swim. → I wish I could swim.
Nosotros weren't together! → I wish nosotros could have been together
We sometimes use / wish y'all (he. she. etc.) would(n't) like an imperative:
(I am making a lot of noise!) → I wish you wouldn't make then much dissonance!
(He is making a lot of noise!) → I wish he would be quiet!
9. 'It's (high) time' and 'Information technology's (about) time'
We use It's time, It'southward high time and it'southward about fourth dimension to limited present or futurity wishes, or to express our impatience about things that oasis't happened however:
Kim tin't even boil an egg. - I know.
Information technology's time/high fourth dimension/about fourth dimension she learnt to cook!
10. Expressing personal preference with 'I'd rather/ I'd sooner'
Nosotros use would rather and would sooner to express preference.
Nosotros can refer to the present or the future:
I'd rather/I'd sooner be a builder than an builder.
Or we tin can refer to the past:
If I could choose over again, I'd rather/sooner have been a builder than an builder.
11. Expressing preferences about other people's actions
11.ane We can refer to other people after I'd rather or I'd sooner.
I'd rather leave on an earlier train. (= I'm referring to myself)
I'd rather Jack left on an earlier train. ( I desire him to get out)
xi.two We use the by tense form afterwards I'd rather to refer to the present or time to come.
I'd rather be happy. I'd rather non sit next to her. (= for myself)
I'd rather she were/was happy. (= at present)
I'd rather she didn't sit down next to me. (= now)
11.iii We use the past perfect form later on I'd rather to refer to by time.
I'd rather take been nowadays. (= then - I'm referring to myself)
I'd rather you had been nowadays, (then)
I'd rather you hadn't told me about information technology. (then)
12. 'I'd rather he didn't'
We generally omit the chief part of the verb in brusque responses:
12.i negative responses:
Frank is going to buy a motorbike. - I'd rather he didn't.
I′ve told anybody about it. - I'd rather y'all hadn't.
12.2 affirmative responses:
Frank won't give up his present job. - I'd rather he did.
I haven't told anyone almost it. - I'd rather you had.
12.3 We exercise not have to repeat the main verb in a consummate judgement:
You always go without me and I'd rather you didn't.
Vocabulary
Ecology and environs. Problems of big cities.
Report the important vocabulary:
1. The atmospheric condition:
Cold weather: the dank days of autumn, cold days of wintertime, frosts, icy roads, sleet pelting and snow, severe blizzards, snowdrifts, freezing atmospheric condition, the ground thaws, ice melts.
Warm/hot weather: shut, stifling, humid, scorching, humid, balmy, heatwave
Wet weather: damp, drizzle, shower, pour downward / downpour, tempest, thunderstorm, torrential rain, overflowing; brume/hazy, mist/misty, fog/foggy, smog
Air current: gentle cakewalk, good air current, blustery day, gale alarm, hurricane
2. The Natural Globe:
Animals: species, reptile, dinosaur, bird, fish, gills, mammal, nest, wing, tail, claws, paw, hoof; Flowers and trees: pollen, leaves, branch, body, roots, bark; Names of trees: oak, fir, evergreen pine, birch; Verbs: to bloom/blossom, extinct, hibernate, thrive, pick flowers, constitute, fertilize, harvest crops.
3. The environment:
Brook, stream, river; hillock, hill, mountain; cove, bay, gulf; copse, wood, woods; pool, pond, lake; footpath, lane, route
Where country meets sea: declension, shore, embankment, estuary, cliff, cape, peninsula;
Words connected with rivers: source, tributary, waterfall, mouth, valley, gorge; Words continued with mountains: foot, ridge, peak, summit, glacier;
4. Environmental problems:
air, river and sea pollution; overfishing, the greenhouse issue, the destruction of the ozone layer, the destruction of the rainforests, bombardment farming, waste matter disposal, rubbish, re-cycling
We should: avoid spray cans, do organic farming, utilise unleaded petrol, recycle newspaper and bottle banks
Problems: overpopulation, unemployment , famine, ignorance, diseases
Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы
Grammer
one. I finished earthworks in half an 60 minutes simply I felt as if I ____ for hours.
- worked
- had worked
- work
- have worked
2. Information technology'south time we ____ our parents. Nosotros ____ them for ____ long time.
- visited, haven't visited, such
- have visited, didn't see, so
- had visited, hadn't seen, a very
- visited, oasis't seen, such a
3. If I had known that he needed coin, I ____ him some. I had ____ dollars to spare.
- would have borrowed, some
- might give, few
- would requite, a little
- would have lent, a few
4. His gesture ____ impatience. He looked as if he ____ for hours.
- indicated, is waiting
- offered, had waited
- suggested, had been waiting
- showed, waited
v. He had written his address down the final morning, she remembered, and said that if she ____ to Paris he ____ happy to meet her again.
- had e'er come, will feel
- comes, will be
- would come, may exist
- ever came, would exist
6. Minnie had a gift for mathematics and probably could become ____ pedagogy in the section if she ____ it upon graduation.
- a job, wanted
- work, will have wanted
- job, wished
- a position, wants
vii. He stood stiff and impotent with anger. She stared into the mirror as if he ____.
- doesn't exist
- didn't be
- hadn't existed
- won't exist
8. If simply we ____ a phone! I'one thousand tired of queueing exterior the public phone box.
- had had
- had
- accept had
- can have
9. He said that if the war ____ he would have to leave the country at one time.
- breaks out
- broken out
- broke out
- volition break out
10. Then he said: "If this man ____, the whole dirty story will come up out, and I don't want it ____ ."
- will be arrested, come out
- is arrested, to come up out
- will arrest, coming out
- is beingness arrested, to come up out
11. "In that location are ____ institutions, of class, but information technology'southward not very easy to go into them unless you ____ influential friends."
- charitable, oasis't got
- charity'south, have got
- charity, don't have
- charity, have
12. "If goose egg ____ , said she, beaming at them, nosotros shall be back in England for ____ Christmas."
- will happen, -
- happened, a
- happens, -
- volition take happened, the
xiii. At ____ dawn she looked weak and pale, as though she ____ up all night.
- - , had been
- the, were
- a, was
- - , has been
xiv. They all acted as if they ____ at a family reunion, as if they ____ each other in years.
- had been, didn't see
- were, hadn't seen
- were, haven't seen
- have been, hadn't seen
15. I realized that if they ____ their heads, they ____ my stake confront looking at them over the pile of suitcases.
- had turned, can see
- turned, would exist able to come across
- will turn, will see
- have turned, would see
16. "I accept some work that ____ be finished before I ____ on my holiday."
- would, volition get away
- ought, am away
- should, volition become abroad
- must, get away
17. If Martin ____ her ____ that mode he ____ have taken offence.
- hears, speaking, tin can
- had heard, speak, would
- heard, to speak, might
- had heard, speak, must
18. They took care of her every bit though they ____ her parents.
- are
- were
- had been
- accept been
19. I ____ to assistance if I ____ I would be whatever use.
- would suggest, thought
- will advise, could have idea
- might suggest, could think
- would offer, idea
xx. It was long ____ I had last seen her and if someone had not mentioned her name I ____ her.
- since, mustn't have recognized
- from, shouldn't recognize
- since, wouldn't have recognized
- while, couldn't accept recognized
21. It's high time you ____ in ____ bed too, my kid.
- are, -
- must exist, the
- were, -
- should be, a
22. If I hadn't been at that place something very unpleasant ____ to him.
- could happen
- might accept happened
- was to happen
- must take happened
23. If he ____ at in one case he might have saved united states a lot of trouble.
- were sent for
- is sent for
- had been sent for
- will exist sent for
24. I could not imagine ____ wishing to spend three months there; unless it ____ somebody who wanted to hide.
- none, was
- someone, was not
- people, were not
- anyone, was
25. He looked at me as if he ____ what they had on their minds.
- is wondering
- has been wondering
- were wondering
- had been wondered
26. I wished that Thomas ____ me there.
- has non brought
- had not brought
- does not bring
- was not brought
27. "Just we ____ in conference for two hours," he said. "It's high time ____ a tea break."
- are, having had
- were, we have
- have been being, to accept
- have been, we had
28. If John ____ to see a dentist, permit him ____ toothache.
- is refusing, to endure
- refuses, endure
- refused, suffering
- will refuse, suffering
29. "You had better ____ domicile. You're likely to get into problem if you ____ here."
- go, stay
- to get, have stayed
- hurry, will stay
- to hurry, are staying
thirty. If we ____ waterproof coats it ____ pleasant plenty to drive in that spring rain.
- had had, would take been
- have had, would be
- shall have, is
- are having, will be
31. He wondered a picayune ruefully just what Dad ____ if he ____ nearly his relations with January.
- would say, knew
- might say, had known
- would have said, learns
- should say, has learned
32. And and then he saw that Doreen ____ , and he felt every bit though someone ____ him in the stomach.
- was crying, has kicked
- had been cried, kicked
- had been crying, had kicked
- cried, had been kicked
33. She scarcely seemed ____ what they were proverb. It was as though it ____ her.
- hearing, did not business organisation
- to hear, did not concern
- listening, was not concerning
- to empathise, had not concerned
34. She remembered as though it ____ only yesterday the first time she ____ them.
- were, was meeting
- was, has met
- has been, met
- had been, had met
one) will be, are ... discussing
2) were, were ... discussing
3) has been, would ... discuss
4) was, will... discuss
36. If you abroad with him, go at once, but don't ask me him.
1) will get, to meet
two) volition exist going, to have met
three) are going, to run into
4) accept gone, to be meeting
37. I'thousand not a poet. But if I poems I dedicate them to y'all.
ane) would, will
2) can, shall
3) could, would
4) tin can, would
38. If I you then, what you have washed?
i) didn't help, would
2) hadn't helped, would
3) didn't, will
4) haven't helped, will
39. I wish I poet to describe it to y'all.
1) were, a
two) am, a
iii) had been, the
4) was, the
40. I'one thousand tired. Information technology's high fourth dimension you and me in peace.
1) go, leave
2) accept gone, take left
iii) would have gone, exit
4) went, left
41. Why that pie last night? I wish I that pie last night.
1) did I swallow, had eaten
two) did I eat, hadn't eaten
3) accept I eaten, hadn't eaten
4) did I eat, didn't swallow
42. If she he was going to be angry about information technology, she that.
one) knew, won't do
ii) knows, wouldn't do
3) had known, wouldn't take done
4) would know, have done
43. Y'all wouldn't be so tired today if you to bed when I told yous to. Something should be done to help you.
44. If you your medicine yesterday, you today.
1) had taken, would be well
2) took, would be better
three) have, will be good
4) accept taken, would accept been well
45. If he such bad writing, I these messages.
1) didn't accept, tin can take read
2) didn't accept, could read
three) hadn't had, can read
4) didn't have, could have read
46. Why didn't I inquire her out? If only I her out! Everything .
i) ask, will alter
2) asked, would change
3) had asked, would have inverse
4) would ask, had changed
47. If I overseas instead of him, I something and somebody.
1) would get, earnt, were
ii) would have gone, have learnt, been
3) had gone, might have learnt, been
4) went, may learn, be
48. If she with him at this moment, the incertitude and loneliness evaporate. But he was alone.
one) was, will
ii) were, would
three) have been, would
4) had been, would have
52. I shall become there provided you to accompany me. It's high fourth dimension you ____ rything.
ane) would consent, are knowing
2) volition consent, accept known
three) would accept consented, know
4) consent, knew
53. If he your remark, he offence. And what's more, I've just told you that talking mends no holes.
ane) had heard, would take
2) heard, would have
3) have heard, would have taken
iv) had heard, would take taken
54. He speaks as if he the subject very well.
1) had known
2) is knowing
iii) has known
iv) knew
one) were, would have checked
2) were, would check
3) am, will check
iv) had been, would cheque
56. If I a spare ticket this night I you to the concert.
1) volition have, volition have
2) had, would take
3) will accept had, can take
iv) had had, could take
57. If the snake bite poisonous, you very bad now.
1) was, will feel
ii) had been, are feeling
3) were, would take felt
4) had been, would experience
58. If she some lessons, she her performance.
ane) can accept, might better
2) could accept, might ameliorate
iii) could have had, may improve
4) could have, might to improve
ane) will turn away, being
2) will be turning from, have been
iii) turn down, be
4) have turned against, to exist
1) If had he been, would take accompanied, might not take identify
2) Had he been, would accept accompanied, might not have taken place
3) Had he been, would accompany, might not have taken place
4) If he had been, would accompany, might non take place
61. If they hither, I so glad, every bit they everything to me.
1) would be, were, would explicate
2) were, should be, explained
3) would be, were, explained
iv) were, should be, would explain
62. If that you lot he very glad.
1) I had told him, would come, would take been
ii) had I told him, would come up, had been
three) I told him, would have come, would have been
iv) I should tell him, would come, had been
63. If you usa then, all the differences might .
64. If you Dr. Smith earlier, yous sick at present.
1) consult, will be
two) didn't consult, can be
3) had consulted, wouldn't be
4) have consulted, won't be
65. If nosotros the question at that meeting, our demands .
1) had raised, would have been met
ii) raised, would encounter
3) rise, would exist met
iv) have raised, won't be met
66. If it dark, we our way.
1) is, would have lost
2) hadn' t been, might not have lost
3) wasn't, tin take lost
4) were, will lose
67. I wish you rude remarks about me.
2) are not making
3) wouldn't make
4) hadn't fabricated
68. He looked at his sister as if he anything like her.
1) didn't ever seen
2) has never seen
3) can't run into
4) had never seen
69. The exams . It'southward time we down to piece of work.
i) are coming, got
ii) come, go
3) volition come, are getting
four) take come, are
lxx. I wish more people in the office your sense of humor, Jack.
1) have
2) can have
3) will accept
iv) had
Vocabulary
ane. Discover the right word.
- During the storm, the climbers sheltered in a cave/cliff/valley.
- The fields were flooded after the river burst its banks/edges/sides.
- In the middle of the square at that place is an onetime fountain/source/tap.
- After the pelting the street was full of floods/lakes/puddles.
- A small river/stream/torrent runs beyond the bottom of our garden.
- You must carry a lot of water when y'all cross the desert/plain/sand.
- From the peak/acme/meridian of the hill you lot can meet the bounding main.
- It was hard to swim because the waters/waves/tides were so high.
- I call back it'due south going to rain. Information technology'southward very clouded/clouding/cloudy.
- The church caught fire when it was struck past hurricane/lightning/thunder.
two. Cull the right variant:
i. Many people are interested in watching............
1) wildlife 2) wilds 3) wilderness
2.The dog.........its tail furiously when it saw the children.
ane) shook 2) wagged 3) moved
three. A large.........of the tree broke off in the storm.
1) trunk 2) bark 3) branch
4. The children enjoyed rolling downwardly the grassy............
1) mountain two) cliff iii) slope
five. At that place was field afterwards field of golden..........waving in the wind.
1) corn 2) bushes iii) herbs
half dozen. Y'all take to sleep under a net to avert being bitten by...........
1) lobsters 2) cockroaches 3) mosquitoes
7. Earlier railways were built, many goods were carried on..........
i) channels 2) canals iii) river.
eight. Some wild animals will become.........if they get used to people.
1) tame 2) organised 3) petty
3. Put the right give-and-take in each space:
- We collect honey from our ain bee.....................
- At that place's a rabbit....................in the corner of this field.
- There'south a drinking....................on the other side of the park.
- The hill....................was covered in beautiful wild flowers.
- What's the weather....................for tomorrow?
- Y'all tin meet the mountain....................among the clouds in the distance.
iv. Choose the right reply:
- There has been another increase/rising in the amount of offense.
- The train was in accident/standoff with a bus on a level crossing.
- Many people were injured when the building demolished/collapsed.
- No ships are sailing today because of the loftier/storm winds.
- The government has announced plans to assistance the poor/poverty.
- Everyone agrees that the environment/nature must be protected.
- There are few jobs here and many people are away from work/unemployed.
- The driver of the passenger vehicle admitted that he had done/made an error.
- There was a large demonstration/manifestation confronting nuclear power.
5. Put the right word in each space:
- Food has been sent to areas in Africa suffering from........................
- Many people live in overcrowded.......................on the edge of the city.
- The price of.......................has risen steadily this year.
- Thousands of buildings cruel down during a severe........................
- The eruption of the volcano was a terrible........................
- Hundreds of people were drowned during the.......................in China.
- Large cities face up the problem of what to exercise with household........................
- Doctors announced that there was now a cure for the........................
TEXT
Radar
On May 7th, 1915, during the First Earth State of war (1914-1918), a large British passenger ship, the Lusitania, was sailing in perfect conditions from America to England, with 2 m people on board. Suddenly, at nigh half by 2 in the afternoon, at that place were two fearful explosions. The ship shook from end to end, and many people were thrown off their feet. A German language submarine had fired at the Lusitania and blown 2 holes in her lesser. The sea rushed into her engine-rooms, and almost immediately the transport began to sink.
She sank in only twenty minutes; and nearly m people lost their lives.
The captain could not come across the submarine that attacked his ship, and he had no musical instrument to show him the danger. Now the danger of surprise attacks against ships and collisions with icebergs is greatly reduced by radar. This radio instrument finds the position and distance of objects which the human centre may not exist able to see; it also records the direction and speed of moving objects, such as ships and aeroplanes. Radar can option out objects more than a hundred miles away in the worst conditions weather condition, when nosotros tin can see perhaps no further than a hundred yards.
Radar works in this way. Powerful transmitters ship out a stream of radio-waves, called "pulses", at the rate of possibly ane chiliad every 2nd. These pulses shoot through the air at a speed of one hundred and eighty-vi thousand miles a 2d till they hit an object, perhaps a ship, an airplane, an iceberg or a hill. These pulses cannot go through the object; and so they immediately shoot dorsum at the same speed, in the reverse direction, and hit the aeriform of the radar. The moment this happens, a spot or line of light appears on the radar screen, showing the position and distance of the object.
Today radar is used for many peaceful purposes all over the world. Mod ships of all nations comport radar to help them sail in bad weather condition, when it is possible to meet for a distance of perhaps only a few hundred yards. In the past, the captain usually had to ballast his send at such times and wait for conditions to improve. Merely today a ship with radar tin can sail in most whatsoever weather condition conditions, with no danger of an accident.
Radar too helps to guide aeroplanes beyond the world. Radio signals called beams are transmitted into the heaven from land radio stations at a number of points along their course. The pilots tin hear these signals on their radio and see them on their radar screen. The beams arg like sign-posts in the sky. A pilot guides his aeroplane towards ane axle, and then flies on to the next beam. At the stop of his journey, he will land his airplane with the help of radar.
Trained men at the airport watch the aeroplane on their radar screen and tell the pilot by radio the course to follow, they tell him when and by how much to reduce height, and requite whatsoever other orders that may be necessary.
(Discussion count 539)
Answer the questions to text
1. The Lusitania was wrecked considering
one) she was overloaded with 2 thousand people aboard
2) of the fearful explosion of some substance she carried on lath
3) she got sudden gaps in her bottom
4) she carried out military operations during the First World War
2. Which of the following observations reflects the chief thought of the text best of all?
1) Radar is one of the vitally important discoveries of the 20th century
2) Radar could have prevented the catastrophy of the Lusitania
three) To exist able to utilise radar one should know in detail how it works
four) Radar is widely used in aviation and sailing
3. Radar is very helpful in
one) forecasting weather conditions.
2) hitting various objects, such every bit ships, aeroplanes, icebergs, hills.
three) recording the management and speed of moving objects over a hundred miles away.
4) sending out radio-waves to transmit data.
4. Which of the following statements is not true?
ane) Now the danger of surprise attacks against ships is eliminated by radar.
ii) Before the invention of radar sailing must take taken a longer time than now.
3) Ships all over the world began to carry radar non before the invention of the
radio.
4) Radar is used for spotting distant objects.
5. It follows from the text that
one) the passengers of the Lusitania died in the accident.
2) radar is used merely in bad weather conditions, when we can see possibly no
farther than a hundred yards.
3) the radar effect would exist impossible if the pulses were non reflected by the
target objects.
4) anyone tin can guide aeroplanes with the assistance of radar.
Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы
ТЕСТ
I. Выберите единственный правильный вариант из предложенных для заполнения пропуска.
one. The chairman proposed that the matter _____ at the adjacent meeting.
1) be decided
2) should decide
3) to be decided
iv) will be decided
2. If you lot _____ this book you _____ to replace it.
1) volition lose, will accept
2) lose, will accept
iii) had lost, must
four) will lose, will need
3. We insist that a coming together _____ equally presently as possible.
1) to be held
2) should be held
three) will be held
4) to hold
4. If Alison ____ another half hour'southward work, she ____ information technology by the fourth dimension the children become home.
1) has done; finished
2) would do; would accept finished
3) does; volition have finished
4) did; finishes
v. If you _____ more than x books we _____ the cost of each book by 10%.
one) buy, will reduce
2) will buy, reduce
3) will buy, volition reduce
iv) accept bought, reduced
6. Alison was very surprised and recommended that we ____ all the papers carefully.
one) will check
2) are checking
three) might check
iv) should check
7. If I ____ a pay rise, I'm going to buy a new car.
1) will get
2) got
iii) get
four) would get
viii. Mary-Ann recommended that I _____ careful, and warned non to open the door without asking who information technology was.
i) need to be
two) was to be
three) will be
iv) exist
ix. I was a trifle taken aback, for my cousin spoke as though he _____ me before and I was afraid my friends would recollect so.
one) never saw
2) has been seen
iii) would have never seen
4) had never seen
10. Henry took her hand and said, looking in her eyes: "I'd rather you ____ anyone nearly our chat."
one) tell
ii) won't tell
3) didn't tell
4) don't tell
eleven. I wish yous ____ me earlier that you can't come to dinner tonight.
1) tell
2) told
3) had told
iv) had been told
12. The children rose _____ after the poor repast, as if they _____ at all.
ane) hungry, did non eat
two) hungrily, had not eaten
iii) feeling hungry, accept non eaten
4) hungry, had not eaten
13. "It's high time you lot ____ to look later yourself," Alison demanded.
1) learned
2) learn
3) had learned
iv) have learned
14. It's fourth dimension that team ____ a match. They haven't won a match for ages.
1) has won
2) wins
3) won
4) will win
15. I was as awkward and shy with her every bit if I _____ poor Henry.
ane) had wounded
two) wounded
3) were wounded
iv) had been wounded
Рекомендуемая литература
- English Grammat in Use, Raymond Tater, Cambridge Academy Press, 1997
(pp 74-81)
- Advanced Grammar in Employ, Martin Hewings, Cambridge University Printing, 2000
( рр 198-207)
- Tests, Texts and Topics for your English Exams, Ю . Б . Кузьменкова , Издательство " Титул », 2002 (pp 55-57)
- The Heinemann English Grammar, Digby Beaumont and Colin Granger, Heintmann, 1992 ( рр 111-120)
- Revising, Reading and Reasoning for your English Exams, Ю . Б . Кузьменкова , А . Р . Жаворонкова , И . В . Извольская , Издательство " Титул », 2002 (pp 71-76)
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